LFP vs NMC (lithium-ion chemistries)

NMC (nickel manganese cobalt) and similar nickel-rich chemistries offer high energy density, which makes them the usual choice where size and weight matter. LFP (lithium iron phosphate) has lower energy density and a lower nominal voltage (about 3.2 V per cell, versus around 3.6–3.7 V), but typically longer cycle life, lower material cost and better resistance to thermal runaway, which is why it is widely used in stationary storage and many vehicles and tools.

LFP's flat voltage curve makes state-of-charge estimation from voltage alone harder. All lithium-ion chemistries lose performance in the cold, and charging below freezing is a known hazard that the BMS must prevent.